A short historical review of the ELCSA(N-T) - Remembering 25 years: 1981-2006

“Forget not all His Benefits...” Psalm 103:2

1. Introduction:

1.1. This is not to be seen as the official Historical Review of the ELCSA(N-T). I have not been instructed by the Church Council to write it. However the Vryheid congregation wanted a short overview of the ELCSA(N-T) for their jubilee booklet. I quickly had to collect some information and put it together, without the time of in-depth research and studies. I have slightly reworked this and publish it as a short overview so that members of our church may have something in their hands, especially of the last twenty-five years of our church. This skeleton has to be filled with stories and narratives and might start a process among us of saying to one another: “Do you remember...?”

1.2. I do hope that behind these few very general strokes as of a painting, behind the dates, names and happenings we will be reminded of those people who accompanied us on the way, not only the few who are mentioned but especially the many who have not been mentioned. I am thinking of and remembering with thankfulness the many church members with whom I had the privilege to be together, who are no longer among us but are now part of the cloud of witnesses who have in their way shown us the way to go. We see them with their strengths but also their weaknesses over which we spread the blanket of forgiveness. Even more important, may we see and discover how the triune God also has been at work in this church and in this small world in which we live and into which we have been sent.

1.3. Historically speaking the ELCSA(N-T) has two basic roots from which it derives in the 19th Century: the missionary engagement of the Berlin and Hermannsburg Missionary Societies in this country, which we share with the other Lutheran churches, and German immigration to Southern Africa.

1.2. The socio-political background has to be taken into account. The first German Lutherans came to South Africa with and soon after the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck under the Dutch East India Company, but could only build their own church and constitute a Lutheran congregation in the Strand Street in Cape Town by 1778. The main Lutheran missionary engagement in South Africa falls into the time of the British occupation of South Africa up to the Anglo-Boer war (from 1795 to 1900), when eight different mission societies from Germany and Scandinavia started their work in South Africa and SWA.

1.3. In Natal German Lutheran settlers arrived in the early 1840s, but a German settlement and consequently a Lutheran congregation only came into existence when 35 families emigrated in 1848 from Bramsche/Germany to start a cotton production at New Germany. The Berlin missionary, W. Posselt, took care of this German speaking congregation besides being a missionary amongst the Zulu at what was later called Christianenburg (Photo right).

1.4. Berlin Missionaries: The Berlin Missionary Society came to South Africa in 1834 to start its work in the Orange Free State, Cape, Natal, Swaziland, Eastern and Northern Transvaal and moved into Mocambique and the Southern part of Zimbabwe. The Berlin missionaries worked among many African groups of different language and culture.

With W.Posselt, the "missionary with the violin", its work began among German speaking Lutherans in Natal at New Germany. Other congregations founded later in Natal were Cato Ridge, Pietermaritzburg and Bergville. In the Transvaal descendants of the Berlin mission and immigrants from Germany were mainly responsible for the establishment of German-speaking congregations. Missionary F.Grünberger held German services in Pretoria since 1870, but the congregation of Pretoria was only founded in 1889. And in nearby Johannesburg the establishment of a congregation was decided at a commemorative service for the deceased German emperor Wilhelm I in the same year. Till the end of the century German-speaking congregations were established in Kimberly, Lückau, Pietersburg and Heidelberg. Ten of eleven German speaking congregations were served by Berlin missionaries who were mainly engaged in missionary work amongst black Africans, only Johannesburg had its own pastor. (Photo on right)

1.5. Hermannsburg missionaries: With the arrival in 1854 of eight Hermannsburg missionaries and eight missionary lay helpers, who were then called "colonists", the mission station of Hermannsburg came into existence. The Hermannsburg Mission soon spread to Ehlanzeni, Etembeni and Müden, to present day Botswana and into Zululand proper. (Photo of L. Harms and first mission house in Hermannsburg SA)

After seven years 62 inhabitants from German background lived in Hermannsburg and a German school had been opened in 1856. Some of the settlers from New Germany established a new congregation in New Hanover in 1858 and asked the Hermannsburg Mission Society to help them by sending a missionary, Rev Schütze, to become their pastor. More congregations came into existence, usually in connection with the ongoing missionary expansion. In Northern Natal new congregations were established at Lüneburg and later Glückstadt, mainly because the settlers, withdrew from the mission and became independent farmers from 1865 onwards. In the Transvaal Hermannsburg missionaries were called to serve as preachers amongst the Batswana in 1857. They and their descendants established a German school in 1876 at Morgensonne and a congregation at Kroondal in 1896. Until the formation of a synod in 1911, twelve German congregations had been established and were dependent on the mission society for their spiritual care.

1.6. Due to a separation in the Hermannsburg Mission Society in 1892, the Lutheran Free Church took over the German congregations of Kirchdorf, Lüneburg and Bergen and have since established other new congregations.

1.7. Summarising: German congregations were established as part of the mission work in South Africa. At first they were spiritually dependent upon the missions and were cared for by a missionary. These congregations became more independent, also by building their own church, parsonage and school and supporting their pastor with own funds and by taking the initiative in church life. Congregations were loosely knit together by their con-fes-sion, the constitution of the respective mission society and a common background. Church and culture was seen as an integral part and gave these congregations a feeling of se-curi-ty and identity in a foreign country. Close ties were kept among families and within congregation and also with the founding mission and neighbouring black congregations.

2. The constitution of Synods:

2.1. Although the first synods were constituted as early as 1881 (Emmaus) among the Tswana congregations of the Hermannsburg Mission, and in 1895 in the Cape (the German Evangelical-Lutheran Synod), the formation of synods occurred only in the twentieth Century in Natal and Transvaal.

2.2. Eleven congregations connected to the Hermannsburg mission constituted the Hermannsburg German Evangelical-Lutheran Synod in Harburg/ Neuenkirchen in 1911. Ideas of establishing a synod had been vented since the visitation of the mission director in 1889, but due to the separation of four congregations who joined the Hannoverian Free Mission, the synod was not implemented till after the Boer War. Due to the Anglo-Boer war overseas funding had become a major problem for the mission authorities in Germany. Another reason for the formation of the synod was the concern for German schools, which were upheld by these congregations. So on 31.5.1911 a constitution was adopted which laid emphasis on the Lutheran Confession and preservation of the German heritage. The synod was to be chaired by a Präses and Pastor E. Harms, Director of the Hermannsburg Mission, was the first to be elected into this position (1911-1916). He was followed by the pastors Drögemöller (1916-1919), H.Schulenburg (1919-1922), W.Bodenstein (1922- until he died after falling from a hay loft in 1946) and H.Hahne (1946-1963, and after church constitution of ELCSA(Hermannsburg) till his death after an accident, 1963-1973).

2.3. Within the Berlin mission society five synods amongst its African constituencies were constituted on 29.8.1911. Only later was the German Evangelical-Lutheran Synod of Transvaal constituted by eleven congregations on 18.3.1926. It was initiated by congregation members who participated at the meeting of the German Church Alliance. The two pillars of the synod were to be German custom and Lutheran faith. The German congregations of Berlin descent in Natal only joined the synod later. The synod was led by a committee and a chairman, the first being J.Wedepohl, superintendent of the mission (1926-1937), J.Herrmann (1937-1939), W.Krause (1939-1951), G.Krause (1951-1955), E.Kaske (1955-1957) and J.Wernecke (1957-1961, and after constituting the ELCSA (Transvaal) in 1961 until 1983).

2.4. The Cape synod and German congregations connected with the Rhenish Mission in South West Africa and the Berlin Mission in Transvaal formed a German Church Alliance on 8.1.1926 in Windhoek to further German language, culture and Lutheran faith by printing the paper "Heimat" and the magazine "Afrikanischer Heimatkalender". The Hermannsburg synod initially did not participate in this venture and published its own newsletter, "Mitteilungsblatt". However close relationships were fostered between them. The Hermannsburg synod and the Lutheran Free Synod tried at various times (e.g. 1923-28, 1955, 1963 and again 1990s) to overcome the separation, but without real success.

2.5. Initiated by the Lutheran World Federation, a Board of Trustees for Lutheran Extension Work in Southern Africa (BOTR) was established in Pretoria in 1958 by the four German-speaking churches. This Board was to incorporate the English- and Afrikaans-speaking Lutheran congregations (Welkom, Eshowe, Union Lutheran Church, Strand Street, St. Peter's by the Lake). Only cautiously were the official languages, English and Afrikaans, introduced into the churches. It became essential that pastors had to be trained in the country, and that hymns and liturgy had to be translated into the vernacular. The Board of Trustees was the predecessor of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (UELCSA).

3. Constituting independent Churches:

3.1. In the 1960s the "winds of change" in Africa encouraged the idea of independence and in 1961 South Africa became an independent republic, firmly based on an Apartheid ideology. In the years 1957 to 1966 thirteen Lutheran and Moravian synods in Southern Africa constituted themselves as independent churches. Originally these churches were to be called according to the main cultural background of each of the synods (i.e. Zulu, Tswana, German etc), however especially in view of the establishment of a common Regional Church in the Rand or Central area, and in the wish to overcome the governments policy of separate development, preference was given to geographical names (e.g. South Eastern Regional Church, later Diocese, Central Diocese etc ).

3.2. The German Transvaal Synod was constituted on 8.4.1961 as Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (Transvaal Church), incorporating the Natal congregations of Berlin origin. The Church entered into an official agreement with the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) and after 1968 became an observer member of the South African Council of Churches. Besides the Synod and a Church Council, a Präses was elected, the first to be J.Wernecke (1961 -1983). With an influx of German immigrants into the cities at the Rand the church was soon to grow with the establishment of satellite congregations from the Friedenskirche in Germiston, Springs, Westrand, Northrand, Kempton Park and St Peter’s by the Lake. The Pretoria congregation would only be divided at the turn of 1990 into the St Peter’s in central Pretoria and the Johannesgemeinde in the eastern suburb.

3.3. On 11.1.1963 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (Hermannsburg) was constituted. It became member of the Lutheran World Federation and entered into an agreement with the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). As leader of the new church Präses H.Hahne was elected (1963-1973) and after his death he was followed by Präses L.Müller-Nedebock (1973-1981 - and after the merger - 1990). With the withdrawal of the Hermannsburg Mission, new forms of cooperation with the black churches of Hermannsburg background were implemented, e.g. 1969 the Mission Committee, a Committee on Missionary Cooperation and mission committees at congregational level. Congregational growth was mainly to be found in the larger cities, e.g. Durban, where youth work was starting to grow and where also the Seaman’s Mission was becoming more active. After the death of Präses Hahne, the church office moved from Pietermaritzburg to Durban and later to Pinetown. In Eshowe and later Richard’s Bay mainly English extension work was started. The Hermannsburg congregation at Bishopstowe and the Berlin congregation in the Pine Street, Pietermaritzburg discussed joining together with the Union Lutheran church into one congregation. This was to become one of the reasons for the establishment of the ELCSA(Natal-Transvaal) in later years.

An evangelistic and charismatic revival in the Lilienthal congregation under pastor Anton Engelbrecht culminated in a break in 1953. Some church members as "Not-gemeinschaft", broke away from the Hermannsburg church in 1973, concerned about confessional matters but also for political reasons, and later joined the Lutheran Free Church.

3.4. Both churches joined with the other two churches of German origin in the Cape and SWA (Namibia) to constitute the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (UELCSA) in Pretoria on 3.11.1964 and the first General Synod took place 4.-7.3.1965 in the Strand Street church, Cape Town. UELCSA was to be the platform:

• to collect immigrant Lutherans especially in the South African cities;
• to coordinate theological education and training and the office of ministry;
• to introduce common forms of church service, liturgy and church music;
• to support the Christian Academy (1955-1975);
• to find a common response to the challenges of the South African situation;
• to search for the role of the Lutheran church in this country.

The Liturgical Committee worked on the Afrikaans hymn book Laudate and prepared a number of English and Afrikaans documents, e.g. Order of Church Service, the Order for casual and induction services. In 1972 Lutheran theological training was started in Pietermaritzburg by Rev G Wittenberg and Dr W Kistner. It became a joint venture of ELCSA and UELCSA in 1985 with the support of the LWF and this lead to the formation of a School of Theology in Pietermaritzburg. With the merger in 2003 of the Umphumulo Lutheran Theological Seminary and the Lutheran House of Studies in Pietermaritzburg theological training was constituted as the Lutheran Theological Institute.

3.5. The cooperation with the other Lutheran churches, the so-called mission churches, was of great importance in the face of the Apartheid policies and the South African social practice of separate development. In 1966 both the Transvaal and Hermannsburg Churches joined the Federation of Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Southern Africa (FELCSA) as two of the thirteen participating Lutheran and Moravian churches. In 1969 the leaders of all FELCSA member churches decided to share in fellowship of altar and pulpit, and this was implemented in 1972. In 1975 a Swakopmund Appeal was drawn up and accepted by church leaders. This document rejected alien principles (apartheid), which were seen to determine and rule the churches' life. FELCSA was restructured in 1991 to become LUCSA (Lutheran Community in Southern Africa) and now incorporates the Lutheran churches in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Angola, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi.

3.6. When the four regional churches (South Eastern, Northern, Western and Cape-Orange Regions) merged in 1975 to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (ELCSA) the Lutheran churches of German origin were not yet ready to join the merger, but decided to work towards unity within the framework of the FELCSA constitution.

4. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (Natal-Transvaal)

4.1. According to the official statistics of 2001, some 2.5% of the total South African population of about 43 million confess to belong to “Lutheran” churches (including the Moravians). The ELCSA (N-T) with 9 770 members in 2005 is only a small church, comprising some 44 congregations with 32 pastors in four circuits, stretching 1000 km from the Northern Province to Southern KwaZulu-Natal and 500 km from East to West.

4.2. The ELCSA(N-T) came into being in Braunschweig/Natal on 3.3.1981 when the Transvaal and Hermannsburg churches merged. She became member of UELCSA and LUCSA, entered into an agreement with the EKD in Germany, and, after the suspension of the other German-speaking churches (Cape and DELK) was lifted, applied for member-ship in the LWF and became first an observer, since 1996, full member in the SACC.

4.3. Präses L Müller-Nedebock, initially as head of the ELCSA(Hermannsburg), was elected in 1983 to lead the church and Rev F Graz, previously of the ELCSA (Transvaal), was elected as his deputy or vice-präses (photo right). After Präses Müller-Nedebock’s sudden death on 11.3.1990, Dean F.Graz became Acting Präses till May 1991 when the South African pastor, Rev D.Lilje, was elected as Präses of ELCSA(N-T) and became bishop in 1993 at the synod meeting in Harburg. Dean G.Scriba was elected as his deputy from 1991-2003 and since October 2003 this office has been taken over by Dean H Müller. Church Council members are elected by synod for a period of six years.

4.4. The church was divided into four circuits, Northern and Southern Transvaal and Northern and Southern Natal (later Northern, Central, Eastern and Southern Circuits). Each circuit had a dean and circuit council (Deans were: NT: H Pape, B van Scharrel, G Scriba, S Hambrock, T Jäckel and V Röhrs; ST: F Graz, J Hartmann, B Brandt, J Volker, H Dedekind; NN: E Fröhling, W Harms, M Müller-Nedebock, V Röhrs, T Jäckel; SN: W Weissbach, G Scriba, H Müller). The four deans with the bishop and deputy bishop constituted the Clerical Council. The constitution and the intricate legal questions for the establishment of the new ELCSA(N-T), including some of the other church documents were formulated by the legal committee with experts within the church such as Prof Dannenbrink, L Graf von Lüttichau, A Wustrow and C Lütge. The finances of the church, administered by Mr E Dedekind and the staff in the church office, first in the Frie-dens-kirche-Johannebsurg, then Edenvale and since 1991 in Bonaero Park, were under the responsibility of the church’s general treasurer, consecutively G Behrens, R Eggers, M Schütte, E Volker and since 2005 by R Küsel.

4.5. Most of the present pastors of the ELCSA(N-T) have been trained at the then University of Natal, Pietermaritz-burg. However the close relationship with the EKD is retained in that a number of pastors from Germany serve in congregations of the ELCSA(N-T) and for a period of six years two pastors of the ELCSA(N-T) serve as pastors in congregations in Germany. In general interns of the church do one year of their intern training in Germany or the United States. Many congregations, especially in the larger cities, have now employed their own youth worker or youth pastor to respond to the challenges that face especially the youth in a changing society. A great effort has been made to train lay preachers who are also allowed to locally administer the sacraments.

4.6. Women’s work was originally seen in auxiliary work within the congregation, such as teaching Sunday School, arranging flowers etc. Then women started to enter into the service of lay readers and preachers, were elected as councillors and synod representatives. In 1980 UELCSA accepted women into the ministry and allowed its member churches to ordain women. A similar decision was taken in the same year by the ELCSA assembly.

4.7. At the 1984 Assembly of the Lutheran World Federation in Budapest Präses L.Müller-Nedebock withdrew the application of membership of the ELCSA(N-T) due to the suspension of two other white South African churches of the Cape and SWA (Namibia). The decision of the Synod to apply for membership was never rescinded, and it became member of the LWF in the process of political change in South Africa.

5. Work of the Church

5.1. Besides Sunday school, youth, women’s and men’s work, church music has always played an important role in the ELCSA(N-T), be it the organ music in church (in Hermannsburg, Augsburg and Kroondal Ott-organs were acquired in the 1960s from Germany), be it the church choirs and brass bands. Alternating each second year, the church invites members of the whole church to a choir festival (main conductors being R Rohwer, Ms C. Rohwer, H Bodenstein, Ms M Hillermann) and brass band festival (U Prigge, T. Harms, H Bodenstein, E Meyer, R Drews). In the last few years the youth have introduced youth bands and besides the typical Lutheran hymn books such song books as Mission Praise have been introduced into the worship services.

5.2. Although the church, since its inception as independent synods, was closely related to the German schools and hostels within its congregation, only the Hermannsburg school was seen as being supported by the whole church, until a trust was initiated in the early 1990s to administer the school. Many congregations continue to support their own schools. Many have now built their own old age homes or retirement villages, however the church’s obligation was from the beginning with the one in New Germany, which was initiated by the women’s work, and the other in Johannesburg. However these are not owned by the church as such. The only property the church owns, besides its administrative offices, is the Kailager on the South Coast, mainly used for children’s and youth retreats.

5.3. The role of the church in the South African Apartheid situation became a burning issue since the Sharpville shooting in 1961, then during the school boycotts of 1976, but especially after the general land-wide unrest of 1985. With a "Word of Hope" in 1986 the Church Council of ELCSA(N-T) and, with a similar word “Christ our Hope”, the Church Council of UELCSA rejected the policy of division (Apartheid) and confessed that they had not listened to the warning calls of their brothers in their sister church, ELCSA. They also pointed out that with the abolition of Apartheid the many other problems of South Africa, being a microcosm of the world-wide North-South tension, would not be solved but would still have to be tackled. Especially the Extended Theological Study Commission worked on topics such as the political responsibility of the church, language and culture, Holy Communion and children’s participation, the question of homosexuality, abortion or the termination of pregnancy, the priesthood of all believers and the hermeneutical under-standing of Scripture.

5.4. The ELCSA(N-T) sees itself as a South African church and therefore uses three official languages, English, German and Afrikaans, in services and church life. Emphasis is being laid on congregational growth, youth work and stewardship, so that the church can be financially independent from overseas. The search for a Lutheran identity in South Africa is seen in an ecumenical encounter with other denominations, also with the South African Council of Churches in which it became a full member since 1996. The Mission Committee has worked in close co-operation with ELCSA, and even more so in extension work in Mid-rand, Richards Bay and Johannesburg. Congregational courses of church growth, eg the Dynamis Decade and in marriage work furthered spiritual life.

5.5. The quest for unity within the Lutheran church family, going back to the times of the missions, became a focal point in the 1980s and a Unity Committee of the ELCSA, ELCSA(Cape Church) and ELCSA(N-T) was constituted by the three Church Councils in 1985. This decision was ratified by the respective synods/assembly and the Unity Committee met for the first time on 21.11.1985 in Rosettenville. After eight years the 3rd Draft of a Draft Constitution was worked out with the assistance of a legal panel and was discussed in the three churches so as to find a suitable church structure to accommodate the churches with their own historical background and different church structures. However after the political change towards a democratic South Africa in 1994, the Unity Committee came to a slow end after ten years and has not met again. Constituting the combined Lutheran Theological Institute in Pietermaritzburg and building the Lutheran Church Centre at Bonaero Park as administrative centre of ELCSA, ELCSA(N-T), UELCSA and LUCSA is seen as an outcome and sign of this unity. Bishops of ELCSA, ELCSA(N-T) and Cape Church have decided to continue the unity process.

5.6. The synods of the ELCSA(N-T) have emphasized different topics in the past ten years, such as the importance of youth work, ethical questions such as the high rate of murder, criminality and insecurity, the fight against the pandemic of HIV/ AIDS, the discussion of the church’s Objectives and Strategies, the question of children’s participation in Holy Communion, the distinction between Infant Baptism and Believer’s Baptism.

Church Synods took place since the founding of the ELCSA(N-T) with some of the following high-lights:

1981 in Braunschweig, Natal: the first meeting of the first Church synod, constituting the ELCSA(N-T) and accepting its constitution and bye-laws.

1983 in Kroondal, Transvaal: election of Präses L Müller-Nedebock and his deputy Rev Graz, the decision is taken to become a member of the Lutheran World Federation and observer member of the SACC.

1985 in Hermannsburg, Natal: Acceptance of the so-called “Green Paper” concerning the unity and political responsibility of the church, the LWF, ELCSA and UELCSA sign a document with the University of Natal that the combined theological training would take place there.

1987 in Bethanien, Natal: Acceptance of the “Word of Hope” of 1986, as well as the Congregational Rules, Guidelines for Church Life and new liturgical vestments of alba with stola besides talar.

1989 in Johannesburg, Transvaal: Discussion with the Lutheran lecturers at the University of Natal concerning their support for the Kairos Document and the document “Road to Damascus”.

1991 in Bonaero Park, Transvaal: Election in the new church centre in Bonaero Park of Präses D Lilje and his deputy. The first Draft of a new ELCSA Constitution of the Unity Committee is presented;

1993 in Harburg, Natal: the title of the church leader “Präses” is changed to Bishop;

1995 in Bonaero Park, Gauteng: discussions begin on the theme of baptism and rebaptism, the Theological Study Commission presents a paper on the participation of children in Holy Communion, and the new German Evangelical Hymn Book is accepted.

1997 in Durban, Kwa-Zulu-Natal: the main theme was the youth work in the church, receiving and discussing the documents prepared by the Theological Study Commission on Homosexuality and the Termination of Pregnancy. A list of 88 church members, mainly in the area of KwaZulu-Natal, who were murdered or threatened in the last five years leads the synod to show solidarity and to request an in-depth discussion with the commissioner of police. -The synod re-elects the bishop and his deputy.

1999 in Bonaero Park, Gauteng: Discussion on the participation of children in Holy Communion becomes one of the central issues. The official name of the church changes from Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (Natal-Transvaal) to ELCSA(N-T).

2001 in Augsburg, Mpumalanga: the question of the different languages in the church is addressed, the new rules for lay preachers and of the new German Worship Book (Erneuerte Agende) are accepted.

2003 in Bonaero Park, Gauteng: differences concerning the talk by Mr Gordons Vortrag and the question of infant baptism and believers baptism are discussed, as are the “Objectives and Strategies” and the topic of the priesthood of all believers. The bishop is re-elected and Dean H Müller is elected as his deputy.

2005 in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal: the theme is “Called to Freedom”, which leads to the question of the hermeneutical understanding of Scripture. The newly reworked Constitution and some of its bye-laws are accepted.

6. Looking back

Looking back on twenty-five years of the ELCSA(N-T) it becomes apparent that she has become a South African church and is firmly embedded in the situation and the challenges of this country. In an ecumenical encounter with other churches and main-line denominations she has to emphasize her special gifts and theological insights. It is important that she remains firmly based on her foundation which is the message of salvation in Jesus Christ, which is given by grace, accepted in faith, awaited in hope and passed on to others in love - alone.

The watchword for this year 2006, as a promise not only given to Joshua and his people at the verge of entering the promised land, but also to this church and each one of us. These words are to show us the way ahead: The Lord says: “I will never leave you nor forsake you” (Joshua 1:15).

Rev Georg Scriba (Theological Adviser)
Pietermaritzburg, 27.4.2006

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